Antihistamines block either H1 or H2 receptors. H1 receptors are responsible for pruritus, increased vascular permeability, release of inflammatory mediators, and attraction of inflammatory cells. H1-receptor blockers act by competing with histamine for H1-receptor sites on effector cells (they do not block release of histamine but can antagonize its effects). They also have anticholinergic, sedative, and local anesthetic effects and vary greatly in their potency, dosage, incidence of adverse effects, and cost.
Second-generation H1 blockers (eg, terfenadine, cetirizine, loratadine, and astemizole) are less likely to cross the blood-brain barrier, or they have a low affinity for the brain compared with peripheral H1 receptors. They have not proved useful to date in controlling pruritus in small animals. Responses to antihistamines vary considerably, and several trials may be necessary to find one effective for an animal ( see Table: Antihistamine Dosages). Antihistamines may act synergistically with NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, or fatty acid supplements and may allow dosages of these agents to be reduced in some cases.
Antihistamine Dosages for Integumentary Disease in Animals
Drug | Dosage |
|---|---|
Diphenhydramine | 2–4 mg/kg, IM, PO, or SC, q 8–12 h as needed |
Hydroxyzine | 0.5–2 mg/kg, PO or IV, q 6–8 h as needed |
Chlorpheniramine | Cats: 2–4 mg/cat, PO, IM, or SC, q 12 h as needed |
Dogs < 20 kg: 4 mg, PO, IM, or SC, q 8 h as needed | |
Dogs >20 kg: 8 mg per dog or 0.25–0.5 mg/kg, PO, IM, or SC, q 8 h as needed | |
Cyproheptadine | 0.25–0.5 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h as needed for appetite stimulation; 1.1 mg/kg, q 12 h as needed for management of dysphoria from serotonin syndrome |
Terfenadine | 5 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h as needed |
Clemastine | Cats: 0.05 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h as needed |
Dogs: 0.1 mg/kg, PO or IV, q 12 h as needed | |
Trimeprazine | 1 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h as needed |
Cetirizine | Dogs: 1 mg/kg or 10–20 mg per dog, PO, q 12–24 h as needed |
Cats: 1 mg/kg or 5 mg/cat, PO, q 12–24 h as needed | |
Fexofenadine | Dogs: 2–5 mg/kg, PO, q 12–24 h as needed |
Cats: 10–15 mg/cat, PO, q 12–24 h as needed |
First-generation antihistamines may cause drowsiness or gastrointestinal signs (eg, vomiting and diarrhea). Overdoses may cause CNS hyperexcitability and may be fatal. Anticholinergic properties lead to hypertension (and thus are contraindicated in cardiac disease patients), dry mouth, blurred vision (contraindicated in glaucoma), and urinary retention. Hydroxyzine is teratogenic. They may also stimulate appetite (particularly cyproheptadine).
Second-generation antihistamines are cardiotoxic at high doses. High doses of terfenadine and astemizole lead to prolonged QT intervals and arrhythmias (eg, ventricular tachycardia and cardiac arrest). Cardiotoxicity has been reported only as a result of overdose in animals with impaired hepatic metabolism.
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