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MERCK MANUAL
Veterinary Manual
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Veterinary
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Digestive System
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Hepatic Diseases of Small Animals
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Hepatic Diseases of Small Animals
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Nutrition in Hepatic Disease in Small Animals
Energy Allowance
Dietary Protein Allowance
Modified Protein Quality/Source
Dietary Fat
Micronutrients and Vitamins
Fulminant Hepatic Failure in Small Animals
Hepatic Encephalopathy in Small Animals
Treatment
Nutritional Support
Modification of Enteric pH, Bacterial Population, Ammonia Absorption
Alternative or Salvage Interventions for Recalcitrant Hyperammonemic HE
L-ornithine-L-aspartate (LOLA) Oral Granules
Zinc Supplementation
N-acetyl-L-carnitine
Flumazenil
Elimination or Control of Factors Precipitating Hepatic Encephalopathy
Reference
Portal Hypertension and Ascites in Small Animals
Hepatic Portal Venous Hypoperfusion in Small Animals
Microvascular Dysplasia (MVD)
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Management
Portosystemic Vascular Anomalies
Clinical Signs
Imaging
Treatment
Postligation Assessment of Surgical Outcome
Postligation Imaging of PSVA Attenuation and Hepatic Portal Perfusion
Survival with PSVA Attenuation or Medical Management
Postoperative Prognosis
Medical Management
Nutritional Support
Acquired Portosystemic Shunts in Small Animals
Miscellaneous Congenital and Acquired Hepatic Vascular Disorders in Small Animals
Hepatic Arteriovenous Malformation
Hepatic Vein Outflow Obstruction
Cholangiovenous Reflux in Small Animals
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs
Treatment and Prognosis
Hepatotoxins in Small Animals
Drug-associated Hepatotoxicity
Anticonvulsants
Glucocorticoids
Chemotherapy Drugs
Antiparasitic Drugs
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Anesthetic Agents
Xylitol
Acetaminophen
Antifungals
Benzodiazepines
Other Drug-Associated Hepatotoxicity
Environmental or Foodborne Hepatotoxins
Aflatoxicosis
Amanita phalloides
(Death Cap Mushroom) Hepatotoxicity
Microcystin: Blue-Green Algae (cyanobacteria) Hepatotoxicity
Sago Palm, Cycad Hepatotoxicity
Infectious Diseases of the Liver in Small Animals
Viral Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Leptospirosis
Microscopic Hepatic Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tyzzer Disease
Mycobacterium
Infections and Pyogranulomatous Hepatitis
Hepatic Impact of Extrahepatic and Intrahepatic Bacterial Infections and Sepsis
Mycotic Diseases
Systemic Mycoses
Opportunistic Uncommon Mycoses
Candida
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Disseminated Aspergillosis
Phaeohyphomycosis
Protothecosis
Protozoal Diseases
Toxoplasmosis
Leishmaniosis
Pyogranulomatous Hepatitis
Feline Hepatic Lipidosis
Clinical Signs
Clinicopathologic Features
Imaging
Diagnosis
Treatment
Fluids
Potassium and Phosphate Supplementation
Water-soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble Vitamins
Additional Therapeutic Considerations
Drug Considerations
Prognosis
Biliary Cirrhosis in Small Animals
Canine Cholangiohepatitis
Clinical Signs
Imaging
Histologic Features
Suppurative Cholangitis
Destructive Cholangitis
Bacterial Cultures
Treatment
Antibiotics
Choleretics
Antioxidants
Canine Chronic Hepatitis
Chronic Hepatitis With or Without Increased Hepatic Copper in West Highland White Terriers
Idiopathic Chronic Hepatitis
Breed-specific Chronic Hepatitis
Labrador Retrievers
Doberman Pinschers
Cocker Spaniel Hepatopathy
Skye Terriers
Maltese Dog Zone 3 (Centrilobular) Hepatopathy
Lobular Dissecting Hepatitis in Small Animals
Canine Vacuolar Hepatopathy
Vacuolar Hepatopathy in Scottish Terriers
Metabolic Diseases Affecting the Liver in Small Animals
Hepatocutaneous Syndrome in Small Animals
Nodular Hyperplasia in Small Animals
Hepatic Neoplasia in Small Animals
Hepatic Lymphoma
Primary Hepatic Neoplasms
Hepatocellular Carcinomas
Hepatocellular Adenomas and Adenomatous Hyperplasia or Dysplastic Foci
Biliary Adenocarcinomas
Lymphoma
Myelolipomas
Metastatic Neoplasia
Miscellaneous Liver Diseases in Small Animals
Glycogen Storage Disease
Hepatic Amyloidosis
Cholecystitis in Small Animals
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Key Points
Emphysematous Cholecystitis/Choledochitis
Canine Gallbladder Mucocele
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Miscellaneous Disorders of the Gallbladder in Small Animals
Miscellaneous Disorders of the Bile Ducts in Small Animals
Benign Hepatic or Biliary Cysts
Ductal Plate Malformations
Choledochal Cyst
Biliary Cystadenoma
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction in Small Animals
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Cholelithiasis in Small Animals
Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Biliary Tree Rupture and Bile Peritonitis in Small Animals
Feline Cholangitis / Cholangiohepatitis Syndrome
Hepatobiliary Fluke Infection in Small Animals
References