This type of reaction occurs when specific types of white blood cells (called T helper cells) respond to antigens and release toxic and inflammatory substances that can damage tissues. Cell-mediated immune reactions can occur in any organ. Treatment usually involves eliminating the offending antigen (if possible) and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and drugs that suppress the immune system, either alone or in combination.
Granulomatous Reactions
Granulomatous reactions are masses of scar tissue and white blood cells that accumulate around an area of persistent infection. They are triggered by certain types of bacteria or fungi. Although cell-mediated immune responses effectively fight off these infections in most individuals, in a few animals the immune response is only partially effective and results in a mass at the site of infection.
Old Dog Encephalitis
Old dog encephalitis refers to a chronic brain inflammation that can occur in a dog that had distemper many years earlier. In dogs that have an undetectable infection with the virus, cell-mediated immune reactions may target cells that have been infected by the virus for years.
Contact Hypersensitivity
Contact hypersensitivity results from chemicals reacting with and changing normal skin proteins. These modified skin proteins are perceived as foreign invaders. The body then produces a cell-mediated immune response against them that causes skin damage. This hypersensitivity usually occurs as a result of contact with sensitizing chemicals incorporated into plastic food dishes, plastic collars, and drugs placed on the skin.
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Autoimmune thyroiditis is an immune-mediated disease that destroys the thyroid gland. The disease is particularly prevalent in Doberman Pinschers, Beagles, Golden Retrievers, and Akitas. Hypothyroidism (decreased production of thyroid hormones) may be the only detectable sign; however, this condition may occur as part of a broader immune disorder, such as lupus ( see Disorders Involving Immune Complexes (Type III Reactions) in Dogs).
Autoimmune Adrenalitis
Autoimmune adrenalitis is caused by infiltration of immune cells into the adrenal glands (located next to each kidney). This causes the destruction of the glands and may lead to Addison disease. Signs of Addison disease include weakness, loss of weight and appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting. Addison disease is most common in young, adult female dogs.
Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, Keratitis Sicca)
Dry eye, or keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is caused by an immune reaction that destroys the tear gland. It occurs in dogs, with a genetic predisposition in Cocker Spaniels. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca can also follow a viral infection, trauma, or the use of certain antibiotics. The disease is treated by giving prescription eye drops that contain cyclosporine or other drugs that inhibit the immune response that causes the disorder. Artificial tears and other eye drops may also be indicated. Dogs with dry eye often require life-long treatment.
For More Information
Also see professional content regarding Type IV reactions.
