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Common Causes of Peritonitis

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Species	Causes
Cattle	Traumatic reticuloperitonitis Rumenitis Abomasal ulcer (perforation) Abomasal volvulus Cecal torsion Ulcerative colitis and proctitis (rare) Dystocia (uterine torsion, cesarean section) Metritis or pyometra Abdominal surgery	Intestinal, rectal, or uterine rupture Liver or abdominal abscess rupture Omphalitis (in calves) Fat necrosis of the pancreas, pancreatitis Neoplasia (eg, mesothelioma, ileal adenocarcinoma) Iatrogenic (eg, rectal perforation, liver biopsy, intraperitoneal injection, rumenocentesis) Green algae infection (rare) Setaria infection (rare)
Horses	Parasitic (larval) migration Intestinal injury and ischemia (colic) Abdominal abscess rupture (Rhodococcus, Streptococcus) Abdominal surgery (colic surgery, castration) Gastric, intestinal, or uterine rupture Proximal enteritis, colitis Omphalitis, persistent urachus, or bladder rupture (in foals)	Gastric ulcer (perforation) Fat necrosis of the pancreas, pancreatitis Neoplasia (eg, cholangiocellular carcinoma) Penetrating trauma to abdominal wall Iatrogenic (rectal perforation, intraperitoneal injection), idiopathic Actinobacillus infection
Small ruminants	Primary peritonitis (Mycoplasma spp) Parasitic (larval) migration (eg, liver fluke, lungworm, Setaria sp) Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (less common than in cattle)	Abdominal abscess rupture Neoplasia (eg, mesothelioma, cholangiocellular carcinoma) Iatrogenic (eg, liver biopsy, intraperitoneal injection)
South American camelids	Sequela of parasitic migration, acute hepatitis (dicroceliasis of special importance) Perforating third-compartment or duodenal ulcers Sequela of urolithiasis, ruptured urinary bladder	Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (rare) Neoplasia (eg, mesothelioma, cholangiocellular carcinoma)
Pigs	Glässer disease (Haemophilus parasuis) Intestinal (ileal) perforation Dystocia Sequela of septicemic infections (Salmonella Choleraesuis, Streptococcus suis)	Polyserositis (Mycoplasma hyorhinis) Neoplasia (mainly in older miniature pigs)
Dogs and cats	Feline infectious peritonitis Ingested intestinal foreign bodies Gastric, intestinal, rectal, bladder, or uterine rupture Abdominal or intestinal surgery Gastric and duodenal ulcers or perforation Abdominal neoplasia (eg, mesothelioma)	Hepatitis, gallbladder diseases or rupture Pancreatitis or fat necrosis Gastric dilatation and volvulus (dog) Penetrating trauma to abdominal wall Candida albicans (rare) Neospora caninum (rare)